ORCID

Abstract

Much work has investigated beneficial effects of mindfulness-based meditation methods, but less work has investigated potential risks and differences across meditation methods. We addressed this in a large pre-registered online survey including 613 mediators where we correlated participants' experience with fifty meditation techniques to psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and mystical experiences. We found a positive correlation for both PLEs and mystical experiences with techniques aiming at reducing phenomenological content ('null-directed', NDM) or classified as non-dual or less embodied. In contrast, methods aiming at achieving an enhanced cognitive state (CDM), also described as 'attentional' or strongly embodied, showed negative correlations with PLEs. Interestingly, participants' subjectively perceived that all types of meditation techniques were preventative of PLEs but less so for NDM. Participants differed in their reasons for meditating, broadly grouped into associated with spiritual exploration and associated with health. Participants who meditated for spiritual reasons were more likely to choose NDM techniques and more likely to experience PLEs. In contrast, participants who meditated for health-related reasons were more likely to choose CDM techniques. This study provides important information for meditators about the relationship of different techniques with PLEs and the moderating influences of individual traits.

Publication Date

2024-12-05

Publication Title

PLoS ONE

Volume

19

Issue

12

ISSN

1932-6203

Acceptance Date

2024-08-09

Deposit Date

2025-12-03

Keywords

Humans, Meditation/psychology, Male, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Mindfulness/methods, Psychotic Disorders/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mysticism/psychology, Young Adult, Aged

First Page

309357

Last Page

309357

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