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dc.contributor.authorJonker, MTO
dc.contributor.authorCandido, A
dc.contributor.authorVrabie, CM
dc.contributor.authorScarlett, AG
dc.contributor.authorRowland, Steven
dc.date.accessioned2016-01-26T15:10:52Z
dc.date.available2016-01-26T15:10:52Z
dc.date.issued2015-10-23
dc.identifier.issn0045-6535
dc.identifier.issn1879-1298
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/4230
dc.description.abstract

In a previous study, we found a dose-dependent synergistic effect in recombinant yeast stably transfected with the human androgen receptor (AR), in response to co-exposure to testosterone and a commercially-available lubricant (engine) oil for cars. As there is relatively little knowledge on synergistic toxic effects and causative compounds, particularly for the androgenic system, the objective of the present study was to investigate this oil in more detail. The oil was fractionated into SARA fractions (so-called 'saturates', 'aromatics', 'resins', and 'asphaltenes') by open column chromatography. Surprisingly, when exposing the recombinant AR yeast to testosterone in combination with the separate SARA fractions, the synergistic effect could not be reproduced fully. After pooling the fractions again however, the full synergism returned. From subsequent exposures to combinations of two or three SARA fractions, it appeared that both the 'saturates' and the 'resins' fraction were required for obtaining the synergistic response with testosterone. This clearly demonstrates a synergistic effect related to the androgenic system caused by the joint action of at least three chemically-distinct compounds, or groups of compounds (i.e. testosterone, 'resins' and 'saturates'). Although detailed chemical analyses could not reveal the identity of the causative compounds and the in vivo relevance of the present results remains unclear, the results do add to the growing body of evidence on the potentially extremely complex character of mixture effects.

dc.format.extent1142-1147
dc.format.mediumPrint-Electronic
dc.languageen
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.subjectAndrogen receptor
dc.subjectMixture toxicity
dc.subjectPetroleum
dc.subjectSARA
dc.subjectSynergism
dc.subjectYeast
dc.titleSynergistic androgenic effect of a petroleum product caused by the joint action of at least three different types of compounds
dc.typejournal-article
dc.typeArticle
plymouth.author-urlhttp://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000367774400143&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=11bb513d99f797142bcfeffcc58ea008
plymouth.volume144
plymouth.publication-statusPublished
plymouth.journalChemosphere
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.094
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Faculty of Science and Engineering
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups/Marine Institute
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role
dc.publisher.placeEngland
dcterms.dateAccepted2015-09-25
dc.rights.embargodate2016-10-24
dc.identifier.eissn1879-1298
dc.rights.embargoperiodNot known
rioxxterms.versionofrecord10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.094
rioxxterms.licenseref.urihttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2015-10-23
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Review


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