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dc.contributor.authorRolph, C
dc.contributor.authorGwyther, C
dc.contributor.authorTyrrel, S
dc.contributor.authorNasir, Z
dc.contributor.authorDrew, G
dc.contributor.authorJackson, S
dc.contributor.authorKhera, S
dc.contributor.authorHayes, E
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, B
dc.contributor.authorBennett, A
dc.contributor.authorCollins, S
dc.contributor.authorWalsh, K
dc.contributor.authorKinnersley, R
dc.contributor.authorGladding, T
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-14T12:50:31Z
dc.date.available2021-10-14T12:50:31Z
dc.date.issued2018-09-26
dc.identifier.issn2073-4433
dc.identifier.issn2073-4433
dc.identifier.otherARTN 375
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/18066
dc.description.abstract

Endotoxin is a bioaerosol component that is known to cause respiratory effects in exposed populations. To date, most research focused on occupational exposure, whilst much less is known about the impact of emissions from industrial operations on downwind endotoxin concentrations. A review of the literature was undertaken, identifying studies that reported endotoxin concentrations in both ambient environments and around sources with high endotoxin emissions. Ambient endotoxin concentrations in both rural and urban areas are generally below 10 endotoxin units (EU) m−3; however, around significant sources such as compost facilities, farms, and wastewater treatment plants, endotoxin concentrations regularly exceeded 100 EU m−3. However, this is affected by a range of factors including sampling approach, equipment, and duration. Reported downwind measurements of endotoxin demonstrate that endotoxin concentrations can remain above upwind concentrations. The evaluation of reported data is complicated due to a wide range of different parameters including sampling approaches, temperature, and site activity, demonstrating the need for a standardised methodology and improved guidance. Thorough characterisation of ambient endotoxin levels and modelling of endotoxin from pollution sources is needed to help inform future policy and support a robust health-based risk assessment process.

dc.format.extent375-375
dc.languageen
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.subjectbioaerosol
dc.subjectendotoxin
dc.subjectcomposting facilities
dc.subjectintensive farming
dc.subjectair pollution
dc.titleSources of Airborne Endotoxins in Ambient Air and Exposure of Nearby Communities—A Review
dc.typejournal-article
dc.typeReview
dc.typeJournal
plymouth.author-urlhttps://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000448543200010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=11bb513d99f797142bcfeffcc58ea008
plymouth.issue10
plymouth.volume9
plymouth.publication-statusPublished online
plymouth.journalAtmosphere
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/atmos9100375
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Faculty of Health
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Faculty of Health/School of Biomedical Sciences
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups/Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine (ITSMED)
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups/Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine (ITSMED)/CBR
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role/Academics
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role/Researchers in ResearchFish submission
dcterms.dateAccepted2018-09-19
dc.rights.embargodate2021-10-15
dc.identifier.eissn2073-4433
dc.rights.embargoperiodNot known
rioxxterms.versionofrecord10.3390/atmos9100375
rioxxterms.licenseref.urihttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2018-09-26
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Review
plymouth.funderDetection and characterisation of inflammatory agents associated with bioaerosol emitted from biowaste and intensive agriculture::NERC


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