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dc.contributor.authorFilella, M
dc.contributor.authorMartignier, A
dc.contributor.authorTurner, Andrew
dc.date.accessioned2020-07-09T16:37:29Z
dc.date.issued2020-08
dc.identifier.issn0013-9351
dc.identifier.issn1096-0953
dc.identifier.other109658
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/15960
dc.description.abstract

Kohl is an eye cosmetic that was traditionally used in many Asian and African countries but that is now more widely available. Ingredients of kohl reported in previous studies seem to be rather variable but mention is frequently made of minerals based on Pb whose use in cosmetic products is prohibited in Europe. We purchased 23 products of kohl from retail outlets in five different European countries and over the internet and analysed their chemical composition by XRF and SEM-EDXS. The majority of the products (n = 17) did not conform with European legislation based on the presence of Pb (often as galena), whose concentrations ranged from a few mg kg-1 to over 400000 mg kg-1. Cadmium, another element prohibited in cosmetic products in Europe, was also present as a contaminant in 13 products at concentrations up to a few hundred mg kg-1. In addition to heavy metals, minerals of other metals (e.g. Fe and Zn) appeared to be present in the nano-size range and might represent an additional health hazard. Clearly, the lack of quality control in the manufacture of kohl results in the widespread occurrence of toxic and unwanted elements and the trade of illegal products in Europe. In principle, shop sales would be relatively straightforward to prevent, but products traded through internet are more difficult to regulate.

dc.format.extent109658-109658
dc.format.mediumPrint-Electronic
dc.languageen
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier BV
dc.subjectKohl
dc.subjectXRF
dc.subjectSEM-EDXS
dc.subjectLead
dc.subjectCadmium
dc.subjectToxicity
dc.titleKohl containing lead (and other toxic elements) is widely available in Europe
dc.typejournal-article
dc.typeJournal Article
plymouth.author-urlhttps://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000541251900048&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=11bb513d99f797142bcfeffcc58ea008
plymouth.volume187
plymouth.publication-statusPublished
plymouth.journalEnvironmental Research
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.envres.2020.109658
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Faculty of Science and Engineering
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Faculty of Science and Engineering/School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/REF 2021 Researchers by UoA
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/REF 2021 Researchers by UoA/UoA07 Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups/BEACh
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups/Marine Institute
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role/Academics
dc.publisher.placeNetherlands
dcterms.dateAccepted2020-05-08
dc.rights.embargodate2020-7-13
dc.identifier.eissn1096-0953
dc.rights.embargoperiodNot known
rioxxterms.versionofrecord10.1016/j.envres.2020.109658
rioxxterms.licenseref.urihttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2020-08
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Review


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