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dc.contributor.authorTurner, Andrew
dc.date.accessioned2019-03-04T11:54:49Z
dc.date.issued2019-05-15
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.issn1879-1026
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/13398
dc.description.abstract

Seventy samples of laundry dryer lint from 19 households have been analysed for trace elements (As, Br, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) by energy-dispersive portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Bromine, Fe and Zn were detected in more than sixty samples encompassing all households, with dry weight concentrations ranging from 5.5 to 213 μg g-1, 76 to 3580 μg g-1 and 24 to 3540 μg g-1, respectively. Lead and Sb were detected in twenty and eight samples from ten and seven households, respectively, with concentrations ranging from about 8 to 110 μg g-1 for Pb and 40 to 90 μg g-1 for Sb. In contrast, As was only detected in six samples from the same household with concentrations ranging from about 10 to 250 μg g-1. Analysis of 72 items of new or clean clothing and linen revealed the ubiquity of Sb in synthetic (largely polyester-based) articles and the presence of Br in a variety of natural and synthetic articles, suggesting that the dominant source of these elements in dryer lint is derived from clothing fibres themselves; specifically, Sb2O3 is employed as a catalyst in the manufacture of polyester and various brominated compounds appear to be used as disperse dyes. No detectable As or Pb in the clothing-linen samples indicates that their presence in dryer lint arises from contamination of laundry from extraneous sources (e.g. household dust and material accumulated from outdoor activities) and suggests that concentrations can be used as proxies for exposure or household contamination. Since dryer lint is representative of material shed during the washing of clothes and linen, its composition also serves as a proxy for contaminants entering the environment from this process. Of particular significance in this respect is the discharge of chemicals specific to textiles or associated with microfibers.

dc.format.extent568-573
dc.format.mediumPrint-Electronic
dc.languageen
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.subjectAntimony
dc.subjectBrominated compounds
dc.subjectDryer lint
dc.subjectMicrofibres
dc.subjectTrace elements
dc.subjectXRF
dc.titleTrace elements in laundry dryer lint: A proxy for household contamination and discharges to waste water.
dc.typejournal-article
dc.typeJournal Article
plymouth.author-urlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30776628
plymouth.volume665
plymouth.publication-statusPublished
plymouth.journalScience of the Total Environment
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.025
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Faculty of Science and Engineering
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Faculty of Science and Engineering/School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/REF 2021 Researchers by UoA
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/REF 2021 Researchers by UoA/UoA07 Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups/BEACh
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Research Groups/Marine Institute
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role
plymouth.organisational-group/Plymouth/Users by role/Academics
dc.publisher.placeNetherlands
dcterms.dateAccepted2019-02-01
dc.rights.embargodate2020-2-6
dc.identifier.eissn1879-1026
dc.rights.embargoperiodNot known
rioxxterms.versionofrecord10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.025
rioxxterms.licenseref.urihttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2019-05-15
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Review


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