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Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, degradation processes associated with invasive species can alter vegetation structure, hydrological conditions, and carbon cycling, with uncertain consequences for SOC storage and greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluated changes in SOC stocks to 0–50 cm depth, soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes, and early restoration responses four years after ecological restoration in the Térraba–Sierpe National Wetland, Costa Rica. Comparisons were conducted among a conserved mangrove, a degraded mangrove dominated by Acrostichum aureum, and three restored sites subjected to hydrological rehabilitation with contrasting reforestation intensities. The degraded site showed significantly higher SOC contents (171 ± 31 Mg C ha−1; p < 0.0001) compared to the conserved site (103 ± 26 Mg C ha−1). CO2 fluxes did not differ significantly between March and October. CH4 and N2O fluxes remained below the detection limits in most measurements. Redundancy analysis identified a significant association between vegetation composition and the measured environmental variables (p = 0.005). Higher CO2 emissions were associated with the dominance of A. aureum. Plant density was positively related to SOC content (R2 = 0.78). MR1 site, where hydrological rehabilitation was combined with high-density reforestation, had significantly higher SOC content than the degraded site (242 ± 24.3 Mg C ha−1; p < 0.001). Soil CO2 emissions at MR1 were also significantly lower than at the degraded site (p = 0.001). This study provides a pioneering field assessment of mangrove restoration through the control of A. aureum invasion. The results suggest that restoration design may influence soil carbon storage during the early stages of recovery.

Publication Date

2026-07-16

Publication Title

Diversity

Volume

18

Issue

7

ISSN

1424-2818

Acceptance Date

2026-07-14

Deposit Date

2026-07-19

Funding

This research forms part of the doctoral thesis of J.C.C.-B., carried out at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM, Mexico. Financial support was provided through scholarships from the Secretaría de Ciencias, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación de México, SECIHTI (Number Assigned to the Student: 926434), and the Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, UACAM, Mexico. Funding for sample collection and laboratory analyses in Costa Rica was provided by the French Global Environment Facility, FFEM, in collaboration with UACAM through project 049/UAC/2017.

Keywords

blue carbon, hydrological rehabilitation, invasion of plants, reforestation

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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